-s

-s Meanings:

• IPA(key): /s/ (following a voiceless consonant /p, t, k, f, θ/)
• IPA(key): /z/ (postvocalic or following a voiced consonant /m, n, ŋ, b, d, ɡ, v, ð, l, ɹ/)
• IPA(key): /ɪz/ (following a sibilant consonant /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/—usually written -es) IPA(key): /əz/ (weak vowel merger)
• Used to form regular plurals of nouns.
• Used to form many pluralia tantum (nouns that are almost or entirely without singular forms).
• When appended to a number ending in at least one 0, expresses a range of ordinals which share the same digits when some or (usually) all of those 0s are discounted; frequently used for decades or centuries.
• (regular plurals): In semi-formal or formal contexts, where the plurality of a noun depends on some unknown aspect of the sentence, the s may be parenthesised: "The winner(s) will be invited to a prize ceremony."
• (number): Decades formed with -s are usually pronounced as if they were written as two separate numbers. For example, 1970s is read as nineteen-seventies, as if it were written as 19 70s, not as *nineteen-hundred seventies or *one thousand nine hundred and seventies. A notable exception to this arose after the end of the 2000s, when the (relatively uniform) pronunciation of the years in that decade as two-thousand (and) X was continued for the following decade for some speakers. The pronunciation of the 2010s as twenty-tens largely took over at the start of that decade but has not completely replaced out the previous two-thousand (and) X pronunciation. Some speakers, when speaking retroactively about the 2000s, now apply the traditional common pronunciation to the 2000s as well: they would pronounce 2001 as twenty-oh-one instead of two-thousand (and) one.
• Used to form the third-person singular indicative present tense of verbs. to eat → he eats
• In Standard English, the -s suffix is only used to mark the third person singular present of verbs; however, in some varieties of English, particularly northern English, Scottish, US Southern and AAVE, the -s can be extended to other persons/numbers as well, as in: I eats me spinach; I hates the Yankees; they likes it here; etc.
• As in modern nonstandard varieties, the -s suffix can be used to mark the third-person plural in Early Modern English. However, it is less common than the modern standard zero ending, and is frequently only found in restricted contexts; for instance, Shakespeare only uses it where a plural subject has "singular" semantics.
• Used in the formation of certain English adverbs. ‎forward + ‎-s → ‎forwards ‎downward + ‎-s → ‎downwards ‎alway + ‎-s → ‎always ‎sometime + ‎-s → ‎sometimes ‎betime + ‎-s → ‎betimes ‎while + ‎-s → ‎whiles ‎betide + ‎-s → ‎betides ‎toward + ‎-s → ‎towards ‎beside + ‎-s → ‎besides ‎evening + ‎-s → ‎evenings ‎unaware + ‎-s → ‎unawares
• (on pronouns) Possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the word bearing the marker. hers; its; ones (now one’s); theirs (neopronouns): eirs; hirs; pers; thons; xyrs; zirs
• (on nouns, now nonstandard) Alternative form of -'s devils doorbell; dogs-bane; St. Marys; (obsolete) kings
• In most cases where -s is found nowadays as a possessive case marker, it is a simple misspelling of -'s. However, possessive determiners derived from personal pronouns use -s (e.g. its, not it's). The same is true of pronouns derived from possessive determiners (e.g. theirs, not their's). The possessive form of who takes -se (whose, not who's).
• Sometimes used in place names; e.g., Harpers Ferry (formerly spelled “Harper’s Ferry”), Queens County (note that the former name of County Laois was officially “Queen’s County”, however, the apostrophe-less spelling is well-attested).
• (informal, colloquial, sometimes humorous) Hypocoristic suffix Babs; moms; pops; homes; toots
• appended to the stem of a verb, this suffix yields a verbal noun ‎dien + ‎-s → ‎diens
• Used to form regular plurals of nouns that end in certain suffixes or syllables, such as -el, -er, -en, -em, -eur, -aar, -aard, diminutive -ie, etc. ‎redakteur + ‎-s → ‎redakteurs
• Used to form irregular plurals of many other nouns, chiefly of foreign origin. ‎ateljee + ‎-s → ‎ateljees
• Used to form the partitive form of the adjective nuut → iets nuuts groot → niks groots nie
• Used to form adjectives of characteristic from nouns. ‎winter (“winter”) + ‎-s → ‎winters (“wintery”) ‎spel (“game”) + ‎-s → ‎speels (“playful”)
• Used to form adjectives or language names from place names. ‎Engeland (“England”) + ‎-s → ‎Engels (“English”) ‎Finland (“Finland”) + ‎-s → ‎Fins (“Finnish”)
• Forms agent nouns. Synonym: -ar
• When attached to o- or ua-stem verbs the stem and the suffix merge into -ues in the modern standard, following Gheg practice, while traditionally made -onjës following Tosk practice.
• Similarly, when attached to e- or ye-stem verbs they give rise to -yes in Gheg and the modern standard, while -enjës in Tosk and the old standard.
• (Hong Kong Cantonese, neologism, humorous or sarcastic, rare, written only) Used to emphasise that there are multiple instances of the noun 有車s有樓s／有车s有楼s   ―  jau5 ce1 jau5 lau4-2   ―  to own multiple cars and flats
• Victor Chan Haw Fung (1999), “Hong Kong English and the Internet”, in Unpublished MA dissertation, page 40: “Some of these words have plural forms like leng luis in (example 13).”
• Used to form genitive/possessive phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase. Danmarks dronning ― the Queen of Denmark Københavns snefald ― snowfall in Copenhagen
• Used to form regular plurals of nouns that end in certain suffixes or syllables, such as -el, -er, -en, -em, -eur, -aar, -aard, diminutive -je, etc. ‎bodem + ‎-s → ‎bodems
• Used to form irregular plurals of many other nouns, chiefly of foreign origin. ‎telefoon + ‎-s → ‎telefoons
• Nouns ending in unstressed -e generally have a plural in -s and one in -n (ziekte > ziektes, ziekten). Individual words, however, allow just one of the two ways.
• Most words of Latin origin ending in -um are pluralized with the suffix -s (museum > museums) or by replacing -um with -a (> musea). The latter tends to be preferred in formal style.
• (archaic, except in fixed expressions) Used to form the genitive case of (strong) masculine and neuter nouns. tijd → de tand des tijds
• Used to form the genitive case of proper nouns and some pronouns. Pieter → Pieters jas iemand → iemands jas
• Used to form the partitive form of the adjective lief → iets liefs
• Used to form adverbs stad → steeds
• Used to form adjectives or language names from names of nations or countries. ‎Engeland (“England”) + ‎-s → ‎Engels (“English”) ‎Finland (“Finland”) + ‎-s → ‎Fins (“Finnish”)
• creates adjectives from nouns ‎au (“honour”) + ‎-s → ‎aus (“honest”) ‎ilu (“beauty”) + ‎-s → ‎ilus (“beautiful”) ‎lõbu (“pleasure”) + ‎-s → ‎lõbus (“fun”)
• forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers ‎kolm (“three”) + ‎-s → ‎kolmas (“third”) ‎kuus (“six”) + ‎-s → ‎kuues (“sixth”)
• When appended to a second-person singular or plural imperative, gives the command or request slightly rude or impatient tone—often with different verbs and different independent particles adjacent, the tone is different. Kuules nyt! (addressing one person. quite an established expression of frustration, speaker very impatient) ― Now do listen! Kuulkaas nyt! (addressing many people, same tone as above) ― Now do listen! Tees nämä tehtävät. (addressing one person, tone less impatient) ― Go do these tasks.
• When appended to the particle -pa/-pä that is appended to a second-person imperative, gives the command or request a slightly more persuasive or inspiring tone. Laitapas lautaset pöytään. ― Hey, go put the plates on the table.
• Mainly in informal contexts: a particle appended to an interrogative suffix -ko/-kö of the verb conjugated in order to bring the conversation partner or a person outside the conversation, talked about, emotionally closer to the speaker, or to create familiarity into the conversation; also to express that closeness or familiarity—sometimes very difficult to translate well into English, in some cases corresponds to tag questions. Jaksatkos sinä? ― May you make it maybe? Eikös Saara opiskele oikeustieteitä? ― Saara studies law, nuh?
• (colloquial) appended to the shortened impersonal indicative present form (-n omitted) to soften the command or request or to make it more persuasive. Tehdääs tämä huomenna. ― Let's go do this tomorrow.
• Softens interrogative words, particularly mikä, kuka and their inflected and derived forms, such as when the speaker expects the person addressed to know the answer.
• When attached to imperative forms, the gemination is ignored, unless another enclitic is also used before -s, like with -pas. Thus laitas /lɑi̯tɑs/, but laitapas /lɑi̯tɑpːɑs/.
• When directly attached to forms ending in -n (e.g. passive forms), the -n is often dropped (e.g. miten → mites).
• Forms some nouns. ‎jalka (“foot”) + ‎-s → ‎jalas (“runner, skid”) ‎liha (“meat”) + ‎-s → ‎lihas (“muscle”)
• Forms fractional numbers from ordinal numbers. ‎kolmas + ‎-s → ‎kolmannes
• (fraction): Usually used when the numerator is one (one third, one fourth, etc.) See the usage notes under osa for more.
• Derived terms Etymology 3 From Proto-Finnic *-nci, from Proto-Uralic *-mte. Suffix -s Forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers, or ordinal pronouns. ‎moni + ‎-s → ‎mones
• Front vowel harmony: Derived terms Etymology 4 From Proto-Finnic *-s, from Proto-Uralic *-s (compare Erzya -с (-s) in эйс (ejs, “into”)). Sometimes considered a reduction of *-kse (translative ending): *-kse > *-ks > *-s. Suffix -s Forms lative adverbs. ‎ala- (“below, down, lower”) + ‎-s → ‎alas (“down”)
• (case suffix, colloquial or dialectal) Alternative form of -ssa (inessive)
• Silent, except in liaison environments, when it may be pronounced /z‿/. This liaison is usual in adjectives, but fairly rare in nouns.
• Irregularly pronounced /s/ in tous (“all”) when used as a pronoun.
• Used to form the regular plurals of most nouns and adjectives. ‎homme + ‎-s → ‎hommes ‎bon + ‎-s → ‎bons
• Used to form the irregular plurals of a few nouns and adjectives in -au, -eu (which regularly add -x) and in -al (which regularly make -aux). ‎landau + ‎-s → ‎landaus ‎bleu + ‎-s → ‎bleus ‎carnaval + ‎-s → ‎carnavals
• Silent, except in liaison environments, when it may be pronounced /z‿/. This liaison is optional after full vowels (as in tu dois). After silent -e- (as in tu aimes) it is rare and often discouraged.
• Used to form the second-person singular of most verb conjugations.
• Used to form the first-person singular of some verb conjugations.
• -'s (proper nouns; correct in certain cases, but often seen as a misspelling)
• Used to form the genitive singular of most masculine nouns, neuter nouns, and proper nouns of all genders.
• Nouns in unstressed -as, -es,- is, -os, -us remain unchanged (except those in -nis, which make -nisses).
• Nouns ending in a vowel or in unstressed -el, -em, -en, -er, -or, -um take -s. (Only those in a diphthong or in -h allow -es, alternatively.)
• Nouns forming their plural in -s take the same ending also in the genitive singular. (Apparent exceptions will generally have an alternative plural in -e.)
• The es-form is strongly preferred in a number of frequently used monosyllables, to the degree that the s-form may even sound odd. No hard rule can be given to identify these nouns; they include e.g. Land, Mann, Weg, etc.
• The es-form is also preferred, for euphonic reasons, in words ending in certain clusters like -pf, -sch, -st.
• The s-form is usually preferred in polysyllables, regardless of their being simple or compound and regardless also of stress patterns.
• used to form nouns from verb stems ‎klacken + ‎-s → ‎Klacks ‎schnappen + ‎-s → ‎Schnaps
• Used to form the plurals of personal names, particularly family names.
• The plural ending -s is most typical of loanwords (as in Schals, Parfüms, Videos), though there is a tendency for naturalised loanwords to switch to -e or -en (compare Generäle, Lifte, Pizzen with older Generals, Lifts, Pizzas). Conversely, -s is also used in a certain number of native words (as in Fräuleins, Mädels, Uhus). Moreover, it is the most productive plural marker in contemporary German, typically used to pluralise initialisms (LKWs), neologisms (Honks), and words that do not otherwise have a common plural form (Streits).
• (adjective-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having something, a quality"; sometimes referred to as ornative. ‎só (“salt”) + ‎-s → ‎sós (“salty”)
• (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an occupation or a collective noun. ‎hajó (“ship”) + ‎-s → ‎hajós (“sailor”)
• (number-forming suffix) Added to an ordinal number to form a digit or figure, cf. the relevant template. ‎nulla (“zero”) + ‎-s → ‎nullás (“the digit or figure 0”)
• (all senses) Harmonic variants: -s is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. -os is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant -as is added to other back-vowel words ending in a consonant -es is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant -ös is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-sːɑ/, , /-sːæ/,
• (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-s/,
• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-s/,
• (obsolete) Used to mark the possession of the second person singular; thy, your
• (non-productive) Used to form nouns from other nouns ‎ohja (“rein”) + ‎-s → ‎ohjas (“rein”)
• Used to mark the possession of the second person; thy, your jalka (“leg”) → jalkas (“your leg(s)”)
• Appended to relative/interrogative pronouns to form indefinite pronouns ‎chto (“who”) + ‎-s → ‎chtos (“someone”)
• (archaic) Used to form the genitive case of (strong) masculine and neuter nouns.
• (rare) Used to form the genitive case of proper nouns.
• Used to form the partitive form of the adjective groot → wat groots
• Used to form adverbs Nacht → nachts
• Added to prepositional pronouns (ending in a broad consonant) to add emphasis: Used in first-person singular: (e.g., lhiams).
• Adverbial genitive ending, developed into the -ce at the end of some words
• English: -s(t) (fossilized in whilst), -ce (mostly fossilized in hence, thence, whence)
• habitual verb suffix in verbal nouns: -er
• Nora Deering; Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 439
• Forms nouns from numbers, indicating a group. ‎golbma (“three”) + ‎-s → ‎golmmas (“group of three”)
• This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.
• Forms adverbs of manner from adjectives. ‎buorre (“good”) + ‎-s → ‎būres (“well”)
• Forms adverbs indicating direction or a span of time. ‎davvi (“north”) + ‎-s → ‎davás (“northwards”) ‎dálvi (“winter”) + ‎-s → ‎dálvvás (“for the winter”)
• Inessive, Proto-Samic *-snē. Cognate with Finnish -ssa.
• Elative, Proto-Samic *-stē. Cognate with Finnish -sta.
• Used to form genitive/possessive phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase.
• (often affects the value or quality of preceding consonants, may or may not cause i-mutation) Feminine noun suffix forming nouns from adjectives and verbs ‎milde (“gentle, mild”) + ‎-s → ‎milts (“mercy”) (earlier milds) ‎līþe (“gentle, limber”) + ‎-s → ‎liss (“grace”) (earlier liþs) ‎cweþan (“to say, speak”) + ‎-s → ‎cwiss (“a saying”) (earlier cwiþs)
• indicates a (nominative or oblique) plural of a feminine noun or adjective
• Middle French: -sFrench: -s
• (Portugal, Northeast Brazil, Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /ʃ/
• used to form the regular plural of nouns and adjectives, especially those that end in vowels
• After l ( , ), -s is used and the l is replaced with i (): pastel → pastéis, capital → capitais, A scattering of exceptions have or allow -es after l, the most common being mal → males
• After stressed il, -s is used and the l is dropped: hostil → hostis, canil → canis
• After unstressed il, the ending becomes -eis: réptil → répteis, projétil → projéteis
• In sporadic and strongly proscribed Brazilian usage, the same rules are applied to words that end in a vowel + u or o (): degrau → * degrais, troféu → * troféis
• After s: -es if the word is stressed in the last syllable: convés → conveses, anis → anises
• not used otherwise: status → status, íris → íris
• after m, -s is used and the m becomes n; this is an orthographic process, since in both cases the final consonant marks vowel nasalisation: dom → dons
• after n, either, but -es is more common in dialects where it is produced as /n/ rather than vowel nasalisation: hífen → hifens or hífenes
• after vowels and semivowels, -s is used the plural of words ending in -ão can be -ões (by far the most common), -ãos (usually masculines with a feminine in -ã) or -ães (only a handful of words)
• loanwords usually follow the same rules: mouse → mouses, ópera → óperas in recent English loanwords ending in r, and occasionally in loans from other languages, -s is used: player → players
• unadapted loanwords ending in unusual consonants usually take -s or no morpheme: ankh → ankhs, flood → floods, spam → spam or spams
• rarely, and often alongside a regular form, the plural from the original language is used: campus → campi (also campus), mafioso → mafiosi (more commonly mafiosos), gol → gols (very rarely goles or gois)
• after x, Hellenisms and Latinisms are usually unchanged (following the rule for words ending in s), but sometimes have -es and the x becomes c (/s/), especially in Brazilian Portuguese: tórax → tórax, clímax → clímax or clímaces
• more often than not, surnames do not take an extra morpheme in the plural; when they do, they are usually Portuguese surnames with recognisable Portuguese morphemes: o Ferreira → os Ferreira or os Ferreiras
• names of peoples that do not contain Portuguese endings usually do not take the plural morpheme: polaco → polacos; ashanti → ashanti or ashantis (less common)
• (Brazil, slang) used to form slangier forms of certain words ‎foi mal (“sorry”) + ‎-s → ‎foi mals (“soz”) ‎grande coisa (“big deal”) + ‎-s → ‎grandes coisa (“biggie”) ‎valeu (“thank you”) + ‎-s → ‎valeus (“thanks”)
• Evidential suffix, second-hand information. Indicates that the speaker has not directly experienced the information at hand; hearsay Qusqumantas kanki. ― (They say that) you are from Cusco. Inisqa qayna ñañantas watukusqan. ― Inez visited her sister yesterday (so I heard).
• Used to form the regular plural of nouns and adjectives which end in vowels. ‎amigo (“friend”) + ‎-s → ‎amigos (“friends”) ‎cocina (“kitchen”) + ‎-s → ‎cocinas (“kitchens”)
• Used to form genitive phrases, attached to the last word in a noun phrase.
• Used to form the passive voice of verbs.
• Until the middle of the 20th century, the variant suffix -es was used to mark the present passive of all -er verbs of the second and fourth conjugations. This usage is mostly considered archaic today, but -es is still used for -er verbs whose stems end in s.
• See also vara (“be”), which forms a passive voice for states or completed actions.
• For some verbs (often physical actions), the passive voice can indicate that the action is carried out repeatedly or as a disposition by the subject. For example, "Var försiktig! Hästen sparkas." means "Be careful! The horse kicks (as a disposition)." rather than "Be careful! The horse is being kicked," "Han knuffas mycket" means "He pushes people a lot" rather than "He is being pushed a lot," "Han skräms" means "He frightens" rather than "He is being frightened," and "Hunden bits" means "The dog bites" rather than "The dog is bitten." The latter readings are also possible, but unintuitive there. A related phenomenon is deponent verbs, which only appear in the passive but have an active meaning.
• (chiefly colloquial, often proscribed) Used to form the plural form of some words, mostly loanwords ‎partner + ‎-s → ‎partners ‎fan + ‎-s → ‎fans ‎taco + ‎-s → ‎tacos
• Used to derive some adverbs from nouns or adjectives ‎söndag (“Sunday”) + ‎-s → ‎i söndags (“last Sunday”)
• (slang, generally humorous) suffix added in slang, especially in place of reduplication ‎pwede + ‎-s → ‎pweds
• (South Wales) IPA(key): /s/, /z/
• Used to form plural nouns. Synonyms: -aid, -aint, -au, -ed, -edd, -en, -i, -iaid, -iau, -ion, -od, -oedd, -on, -ydd, -yr, -ys ‎bàth (“bath”) + ‎-s → ‎baths (“baths”) ‎tomato (“tomato”) + ‎-s → ‎tomatos (“tomatoes”) ‎gwdihŵ (“owl”) + ‎-s → ‎gwdihŵs (“owls”)
• him, her, it, them 1588, Y Beibl cyssegr-lan, 1 Corinthians 2:7,8:
• Found only in formal language after certain vowel-final preverbal particles, such as ni, na, oni and pe. After other vowel-final preverbal particles, such as fe, a and y, singular 'i and plural 'u are used instead.
• os (“if”)
• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-s”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
• [slang] Shit, Shower and shave
• [slang] Shit, Shower and Shave - Used to indiate that you will be getting ready for work or out for a night on the town.
• [slang] usually what most teenagers put in front and on the back of their names on various online social networking sites to make it seem like they're cool. usually have some thing to do with their life or some quote that isn't actually funny.
• [slang] A term used for snapchat standing for “streaks and story.” One used it when they send something, usually a message, to both their streaks and their snapchat story.
• [slang] (noun) "Shit and shower" The act of taking a shit then taking a shower immediately afterwards.
• [slang] shit and split (run away)
• [slang] Shit and shower.